Aiming at the problem that the deep learning network model applied to medical image target detection only has a fixed receptive field and cannot effectively detect the cervical lymph nodes with obvious morphological and scale differences, a new recognition algorithm based on adaptive receptive field mechanism was proposed, applying deep learning to the automatic recognition of cervical lymph nodes in complete three-dimensional medical images at the first time. Firstly, the semi-random sampling method was used to crop the medical sequence images to generate the grid-based local image blocks and the corresponding truth labels. Then, the DeepNode network based on the adaptive receptive field mechanism was constructed and trained through the local image blocks and labels. Finally, the trained DeepNode network model was used for prediction. By inputting the whole sequence images, the cervical lymph node recognition results corresponding to the whole sequence was obtained end-to-end and quickly. On the cervical lymph node dataset, the cervical lymph node recognition using the DeepNode network has the recall rate of 98.13%, the precision of 97.38%, and the number of false positives per scan is only 29, and the time consumption is relatively shorter. The analysis of the experimental results shows that compared with current algorithms such as the combination of two-dimensional and three-dimensional convolutional neural networks, the general three-dimensional object detection and the weak supervised location based recognition, the proposed algorithm can realize the automatic recognition of cervical lymph nodes and obtain the best recognition results. The algorithm is end-to-end, simple and efficient, easy to be extended to three-dimensional target detection tasks for other medical images and can be applied to clinical diagnosis and treatment.